ホームIMICライブラリMMWR抄訳2022年(Vol.71)COVID-19が個人、地域社会、医療システムに与・・・
MMWR抄訳
2022/08/19Vol. 71 / No. 33
MMWR71(33):1057-1064
Summary of Guidance for Minimizing the Impact of COVID-19 on Individual Persons, Communities, and Health Care Systems — United States, August 2022
COVID-19が個人、地域社会、医療システムに与える影響を最小化するためのガイダンスの概要 ― アメリカ、2022年8月
COVID-19の原因ウイルスであるSARS-CoV-2が世界中で流行し続けているが、高レベルのワクチンおよび感染による免疫と、有効な治療法や予防ツールの利用が可能になったことにより、医学的に重大なCOVID-19疾患(重症急性疾患とCOVID-19罹患後症状)、関連する入院と死亡のリスクは大幅に減少している。現在、これらの状況は、社会的、教育的、経済的な活動の障壁を減少させると同時に、医学的に重大な疾患をさらに減らし、医療システムへの負担を最小化するための持続可能な対策に焦点を当てることにより、公衆衛生の取り組みがCOVID-19の個人および社会の健康への影響を最小限に抑えることを可能にしている。医学的に重大なCOVID-19に対する個人のリスクは、SARS-CoV-2への曝露のリスクと、感染した場合に重症化するリスクによるものである。曝露リスクは、換気の改善、屋内でのマスクまたはレスピレーターの使用、検査などの非薬剤的介入によって軽減できる。医学的に重大な疾患のリスクは、年齢、障害の有無、基礎疾患により増加するが、ワクチン接種、過去の感染、またはその両方による免疫、効果的な生物医学的予防手段と治療のタイムリーなアクセスによって大幅に減少する。CDCの公衆衛生に関する推奨事項は、進化する科学、生物医学および公衆衛生のツールの利用可能性、人口の免疫レベルや流行している変異株のような状況の変化に応じて変更している。CDCは、COVID-19が健康と社会に与える影響を最小限に抑えるための戦略的アプローチを推奨しており、戦略的アプローチは重症化を予防するためのワクチン接種や治療法、実現可能な多要素の予防手段の使用、特に重症化リスクが高い人の防御に重点をおくことに依拠する。 医学的に重大な疾患や死亡のリスクを減らすために、ワクチン接種や、免疫不全者に対する曝露前予防、抗ウイルス薬、治療用モノクローナル抗体の使用を含む治療へのアクセスを拡大する取り組みを強化する必要がある。重症化リスクが高い人を防護する取り組みでは、すべての人が情報にアクセスして個人のリスクを理解し、ワクチン接種、治療法、検査、その他の予防手段に効率的かつ公平にアクセスすることを確実にしなければならない。医学的に重大な疾患を予防するための現在の優先事項は、個人が1)自分のリスクを理解する、2)必要な場合にはワクチン、治療法、非薬剤的介入を通じて自分自身と他社を守るための対策を取る、3)曝露した場合には検査を受け、マスクを着用する、4)症状がある場合には検査を受け、もし感染していたら、5日以上隔離することを確実に行うことに着目すべきである。
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